Thymosin Alpha-1 Store

THE LITERATURE

Thymosin Alpha-1: references and sources

Every figure on the site, logged to its study. Sortable, with DOIs and PubMed links.

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Each entry below corresponds to a numbered citation used across the site. Where available, both a DOI and a PubMed link are given so any claim can be traced to its source. The list spans the founding 1977 sequence paper, the mechanistic dendritic-cell and IDO work, the ETASS and null TESTS sepsis trials, the hepatitis B combination meta-analyses, the COVID-19 cohorts and ex vivo studies, and the cancer-adjuvant literature.

  1. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
  4. Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
  5. Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
  6. Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
  7. Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Balestrieri E, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(1):ofaa588. ↗
  8. Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, Hu S, Sun Q, Lv G, Gao J. Thymosin alpha1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3539. ↗
  9. Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J. 2009;6:63. ↗
  10. Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (systematic review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. ↗
  11. Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗
  12. Liang J, Cui R, Wang C, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 blocks the accumulation of myeloid suppressor cells in NSCLC by inhibiting VEGF production. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110740. ↗
  13. Garaci E, Pica F, Rasi G, Favalli C. Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000;22(12):1067-1076. ↗
  14. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  15. Badamchian M, Goldstein AL, Sztein MB. Immune and neuroendocrine modulation with thymosins: current status of recent clinical trials in the United States. Int J Neurosci. 1990;51(3-4):365-367. ↗
  16. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, Buè C, Casalinuovo IA, Triggianese P, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
  17. Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. ↗